# Known Symbols

- $A$: Flow area [m²]
- $A_{ref}$: Reference area [m²]
- $C_{L}$: Lift coefficient [-]
- $C_{d}$: Drag coefficient [-]
- $C_{rr}$: Rolling resistance coefficient [-]
- $C_{y}$: Side force coefficient [-]
- $\Delta_{F z}$: Change in tyre normal load [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz drag f}$: Front axle normal load change from drag moment [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz drag fl}$: Front-left normal load change from drag moment [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz drag fr}$: Front-right normal load change from drag moment [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz drag r}$: Rear axle normal load change from drag moment [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz drag rl}$: Rear-left normal load change from drag moment [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz drag rr}$: Rear-right normal load change from drag moment [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat}$: Total lateral normal load transfer [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat f}$: Front axle lateral load transfer [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat fl}$: Front-left load change from lateral effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat fr}$: Front-right load change from lateral effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat r}$: Rear axle lateral load transfer [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat rl}$: Rear-left load change from lateral effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz lat rr}$: Rear-right load change from lateral effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long}$: Load transfer from CG height [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long f}$: Front axle normal load change from longitudinal effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long fl}$: Front-left load change from longitudinal effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long fr}$: Front-right load change from longitudinal effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long geom}$: Geometric load transfer component [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long r}$: Rear axle normal load change from longitudinal effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long rl}$: Rear-left load change from longitudinal effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long rr}$: Rear-right load change from longitudinal effects [N]
- $\Delta_{Fz long total}$: Net longitudinal load transfer [N]
- $\Delta_{\delta z tire}$: Change in tyre deflection [m]
- $F_{bump}$: Bump stop force [N] (active only if delta_z_bump > 0)
- $F_{centripetal}$: Required centripetal force [N]
- $F_{d}$: Aerodynamic drag force [N]
- $F_{f max}$: Maximum available friction force magnitude [N]
- $F_{rr}$: Rolling resistance force [N]
- $F_{slope}$: Longitudinal force due to road slope [N]
- $F_{spring}$: Suspension spring force [N]
- $F_{tan}$: Resultant tangential force [N]
- $F_{thrust req}$: Required thrust force [N]
- $F_{x drive}$: Total driven longitudinal force at wheels [N]
- $F_{x inertia}$: Longitudinal inertial force (vehicle frame) [N]
- $F_{x max}$: Maximum longitudinal tyre force [N]
- $F_{x tire}$: Longitudinal tractive force [N]
- $F_{x tire max}$: Maximum longitudinal force [N]
- $F_{y aero}$: Aerodynamic side force [N]
- $F_{y available}$: Available lateral force [N]
- $F_{y inertia}$: Lateral inertial force [N]
- $F_{y max}$: Maximum lateral force [N]
- $F_{z}$: Generic normal force [N]
- $F_{z arb left}$: ARB vertical force at left wheel [N]
- $F_{z arb right}$: ARB vertical force at right wheel [N]
- $F_{z df}$: Total aerodynamic normal force (downforce) [N]
- $F_{z df f}$: Front axle aerodynamic downforce [N]
- $F_{z df fl}$: Front-left aerodynamic downforce [N]
- $F_{z df fr}$: Front-right aerodynamic downforce [N]
- $F_{z df r}$: Rear axle aerodynamic downforce [N]
- $F_{z df rl}$: Rear-left aerodynamic downforce [N]
- $F_{z df rr}$: Rear-right aerodynamic downforce [N]
- $F_{z f}$: Front axle normal force [N]
- $F_{z fl}$: Front-left wheel normal force [N]
- $F_{z fr}$: Front-right wheel normal force [N]
- $F_{z r}$: Rear axle normal force [N]
- $F_{z rl}$: Rear-left wheel normal force [N]
- $F_{z rr}$: Rear-right wheel normal force [N]
- $F_{z static}$: Total static normal force (gravity only) [N]
- $F_{z static df drag fl}$: Front-left normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
- $F_{z static df drag fr}$: Front-right normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
- $F_{z static df drag rl}$: Rear-left normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
- $F_{z static df drag rr}$: Rear-right normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
- $F_{z static df f}$: Front axle normal force: static + downforce [N]
- $F_{z static df fl}$: Front-left normal force: static + downforce [N]
- $F_{z static df fr}$: Front-right normal force: static + downforce [N]
- $F_{z static df r}$: Rear axle normal force: static + downforce [N]
- $F_{z static df rl}$: Rear-left normal force: static + downforce [N]
- $F_{z static df rr}$: Rear-right normal force: static + downforce [N]
- $F_{z static f}$: Static front axle normal force [N]
- $F_{z static fl}$: Static front-left normal force [N]
- $F_{z static fr}$: Static front-right normal force [N]
- $F_{z static r}$: Static rear axle normal force [N]
- $F_{z static rl}$: Static rear-left normal force [N]
- $F_{z static rr}$: Static rear-right normal force [N]
- $F_{z susp}$: Spring-based suspension force [N]
- $F_{z susp total}$: Total suspension vertical force at wheel [N]
- $I_{z}$: Yaw moment of inertia [kg·m²]
- $L$: Characteristic length [m]
- $L_{ISA}$: ISA temperature lapse rate [K/m]
- $MR$: Suspension motion ratio (spring / wheel) [-]
- $M_{pitch aero}$: Total aerodynamic pitching moment about CG [N·m]
- $M_{pitch df}$: Pitching moment caused by downforce distribution [N·m]
- $M_{pitch drag}$: Pitching moment caused by drag force [N·m]
- $M_{yaw aero}$: Aerodynamic yawing moment about CG [N·m]
- $M_{z}$: Sum of yaw moments about CG [N·m]
- $P_{required}$: Required propulsion power [W]
- $P_{trac}$: Tractive power at the wheels [W]
- $P_{x}$: Longitudinal power at wheels [W]
- $R$: Specific gas constant for air [J/(kg·K)]
- $R_{turn}$: Corner radius [m]
- $Re$: Reynolds number [-]
- $T$: Absolute temperature [K]
- $T_{0}$: Sea level temperature [K]
- $T_{arb}$: Anti-roll bar torque equivalent [N·m]
- $W$: Vehicle weight [N]
- $a_{CG}$: CG distance to front axle [m]
- $a_{brake aero}$: Maximum braking deceleration with aerodynamic downforce [m/s²]
- $a_{lat}$: Lateral acceleration [m/s²]
- $a_{lat max}$: Maximum lateral acceleration (friction-limited) [m/s²]
- $a_{long}$: Longitudinal acceleration (positive forward) [m/s²]
- $a_{long max}$: Maximum longitudinal acceleration (friction-limited) [m/s²]
- $a_{x max}$: Maximum traction-limited longitudinal acceleration [m/s²]
- $b_{CG}$: CG distance to rear axle [m]
- $balance_{df}$: Aerodynamic balance (front fraction of downforce) [-]
- $balance_{lat}$: Lateral load transfer balance (front fraction) [-]
- $\beta_{sideslip}$: Vehicle sideslip angle at CG [rad]
- $\delta_{avg}$: Average steering angle [rad]
- $\delta_{inner}$: Inner wheel steering angle [rad]
- $\delta_{outer}$: Outer wheel steering angle [rad]
- $\delta_{z bump}$: Bump stop compression [m] (≤0 = no contact)
- $\delta_{z clearance}$: Bump stop clearance [m]
- $\delta_{z heave}$: Chassis heave displacement [m]
- $\delta_{z spring}$: Suspension spring compression [m]
- $\delta_{z susp}$: Suspension deflection [m]
- $\delta_{z tire}$: Tyre vertical deflection [m]
- $\delta_{z wheel}$: Wheel vertical displacement [m]
- $\delta_{z wheel f}$: Front axle wheel vertical displacement [m]
- $\delta_{z wheel left}$: Left wheel vertical displacement [m]
- $\delta_{z wheel r}$: Rear axle wheel vertical displacement [m]
- $\delta_{z wheel right}$: Right wheel vertical displacement [m]
- $\eta$: Dynamic viscosity [Pa·s]
- $\eta_{aero}$: Aerodynamic efficiency (lift-to-drag ratio) [-]
- $f_{load}$: Dimensionless load influence factor [-]
- $friction_{util}$: Friction utilisation ratio (≤1 = within grip) [-]
- $g$: Gravitational acceleration [m/s²]
- $h$: Altitude [m]
- $k_{arb}$: Anti-roll bar stiffness [N/m]
- $k_{bump}$: Bump stop stiffness [N/m]
- $k_{roll f}$: Front axle roll stiffness [N·m/rad]
- $k_{roll r}$: Rear axle roll stiffness [N·m/rad]
- $k_{spring}$: Suspension spring stiffness [N/m]
- $k_{tire}$: Tyre vertical stiffness [N/m]
- $k_{vert}$: Effective vertical stiffness at wheel [N/m]
- $k_{wheel}$: Suspension wheel rate [N/m]
- $l_{wb}$: Wheelbase [m]
- $m$: Vehicle mass [kg]
- $\mu$: Tyre-road friction coefficient [-]
- $\mu_{0}$: Reference friction coefficient [-]
- $\mu_{load dep}$: Load-dependent friction coefficient [-]
- $\mu_{long}$: Longitudinal friction coefficient [-]
- $\nu$: Kinematic viscosity [m²/s]
- $p$: Pressure at altitude h [Pa]
- $p_{0}$: Sea level standard atmospheric pressure [Pa]
- $\phi_{roll f}$: Front roll stiffness distribution [-]
- $r_{dot}$: Yaw acceleration [rad/s²]
- $\rho$: Fluid density at point [kg/m³]
- $\rho_{0}$: Sea level standard density [kg/m³]
- $s_{coast}$: Coast-down distance [m]
- $t_{coast}$: Time to coast from v to v_final [s]
- $t_{track}$: Track width [m]
- $\theta_{anti}$: Anti-dive / anti-squat angle [rad]
- $\theta_{bank}$: Bank angle [rad]
- $\theta_{pitch}$: Pitch angle (small-angle) [rad]
- $\theta_{slope}$: Road slope angle (positive uphill) [rad]
- $v$: Vehicle speed magnitude [m/s]
- $v_{final}$: Final speed [m/s]
- $v_{max corner}$: Maximum cornering speed (friction-limited) [m/s]
- $v_{x}$: Longitudinal velocity [m/s]
- $v_{y}$: Lateral velocity component [m/s]
- $x_{CG}$: CG distance from front axle [m]
- $x_{COP}$: Aerodynamic center / center of pressure position [m]
- $x_{rel aero}$: Longitudinal lever arm from CG to COP [m]
- $z_{CG}$: Center of gravity height [m]
- $z_{COP}$: Aerodynamic center height [m]
- $z_{chassis}$: Chassis reference vertical position [m]
- $z_{rel aero}$: Vertical lever arm from CG to COP [m]
- $z_{wheel}$: Wheel center vertical position [m]